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4worldlovers: When scoping CO2 Solution Storage Efficiency and Sequestration projects and ultimately putting together the permit application, utilize the required computational modeling as leverage to help maximize the economic and environmental benefits. To do this effectively, develop an understanding of your site geology. Then, build the basic model to investigate injection rates, durations, and locations that will maximize CO2 solution storage efficiency to meet the needs of your specific project. Finally, you can use this to estimate your site’s total sequestration capacity to give you an idea of the overall potential project size. Author Kasey Garber explains in detail below.

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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has been in the spotlight recently. The United States aims to

Reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a climate change mitigation strategy. There are powerful

Federal and state incentives to develop CCS projects. Through the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of

2022, facilities that capture and sequester CO2 can qualify for federal tax credits(45Q). State

Incentives are also under programs such as the Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) and Sustainable

Aviation Fuel (SAF). CCS prevents CO2 emissions from entering the atmosphere, promotes CCS

Owners/operators as environmental stewards, and helps foster economic growth. CO2 producers and

Emitters should consider how to maximize the benefits of CCS and how it will ultimately help your

Company meet its sustainability goals with the support of environmental engineers and consultants.

Geologic sequestration (GS) is the injection of captured CO2 in the supercritical phase into deep

Geologic units for permanent storage via a Class VI injection well. The permitting effort for a Class VI

Well requires computational modeling to delineate the area of review (AOR), informed by the

Maximum extent of the injected CO2 plume and areas where the pressure in the reservoir can be

Elevated enough to push fluids up through flaws or penetrations of the caprock and potentially

As the supercritical CO2 is a separate buoyant phase from the media within the storage unit, a model

Capable of computing multiphase flow is required to assess how this buoyant CO2 will behave and

Migrate in the subsurface. Since we can assess CO2 migration and the ultimate fate of injected CO2

Via this modeling, it will also be a valuable application for project sizing.

CCS projects involve detailed planning, big money, and a high degree of risk, particularly in the

Earlier stages of a project. Assessing the mechanisms leading to the most safe and efficient

Sequestration of captured CO2 is a vital component of a carbon capture and storage (CCS) project.

Fortunately, understanding CO2 storage efficiency and capacity estimates will help you properly

To estimate long-term storage capacity, we must consider the various CO2 trapping mechanisms:

The mechanisms in Table 1 are generally ordered from least to most storage security (see Figure 1

Below). As such, mineral trapping provides the highest degree of storage security; however, it is a

Mechanism that may not significantly come into play until long after injection ends and is dependent

On the geochemistry of the reservoir. Under most conditions, solubility trapping is the ultimate long-

Term trapping mechanism for injected CO2 due to the dissolution of the separate supercritical phase.

Estimating solution storage efficiency will be a key metric for CCS project scoping.

Here, we look at using multiphase flow modeling to estimate design and operational parameters that

Will lead to the most efficient use of pore space. We calculated solution storage efficiency as a

Percentage by determining how many model cells reach full CO2 saturation at the end of model time.

With the solution storage efficiency estimate and what we know about total available pore space

Through the geology, we also estimated the total solution storage capacity of the CCS project site in

Figure 1 - From Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Report on CCS (2005).

For this CCS project example, we developed a simple geologic model of the site that includes the

Reservoir and the upper confining zone (Figure 2 below). We built the model using the TOUGH2